Gold In Arabic

Geography 

Saudi Arabia is about the size of Western Europe, covering four-fifths of the Arabian Peninsula. The Red Sea lies on the West coast and the Persian Gulf Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates on the East. Saudi Arabia has borders with Yemen and Oman in the South, and Jordan, Iraq and Kuwait in the North. There are four geographical regions: Hejaz (North-West), Asir (South-West), Nejd (Central Plateau) and Al Hasa (Eastern Province). Most of the population is concentrated in Jeddah and Mecca in the West, Riyadh in the centre and Dammam and Al Khobar in the East. Saudi Arabia's Empty Quarter is the largest sand desert in the world and is the size of France. Summer temperatures inland can reach 50°C during the day, but can fall dramatically to below 30°C at night. In winter they can be close to freezing in the desert. The coastal temperatures are more moderate but humidity is high.

Geology

Saudi Arabia is divided geologically into four distinct and extensive terrains:

    * the Proterozoic Arabian Shield, comprising metamorphosed volcano sedimentary successions intruded by granite and gabbro;

    * the Phanerozoic Arabian platform of clastic, calcareous, and evaporitic successions dipping gently eastward away from the Shield;

    * the Tertiary 'harrats' (extensive basalt plateaus) mainly overlying the Shield; and

    * the narrow Red Sea coastal plain of Tertiary and Quaternary sedimentary rocks and coral reefs.

The primary interest in metallic minerals is in the Proterozoic Arabian Shield although base metal deposits are known to exist in the Phanerozoic and the Red Sea terrains. The Precambrian (Proterozoic) contains most of Saudi Arabia's known metal deposits of gold, silver, copper, zinc, iron, and magnesium. The Phanerozoic cover contains the oil resources and deposits of bauxite, phosphate, clay, limestone, silica sand, and lightweight aggregate that are of increasing importance to the industrial development of the Kingdom.

History

Modern Saudi Arabia was formed in 1932 when Abdul Aziz bin Abdul Rahman Al-Saud united different regions of the Arabian Peninsula into one nation. All of Saudi Arabia's rulers since 1932 have been descendants of Al-Saud. During his rule, King Abdul Aziz laid the foundations for the modernisation of his country. He began to build the country's infrastructure, first establishing roads and basic communications systems, and later introducing modern technology and improving education, health care and agriculture.

In November 1953, King Abdul Aziz died and was succeeded by his eldest son, Crown Prince Saud bin Abdul Aziz Al-Saud. The new King's brother, Faisal bin Abdul Aziz, was named Crown Prince. King Saud established the Council of Ministers and the Ministries of Health, Education and Commerce. The Crown Prince became King Faisal in 1964. To deepen links between Islamic nations, he travelled throughout the Arab and Islamic world.

In 1975, King Faisal was assassinated by his nephew, Faisal bin Musa'id bin Abdul Aziz. He was succeeded by his brother, King Khalid bin Abdul Aziz, whose reign lasted until 1982, when he died of a heart attack. His brother, Fahd, who had been made Crown Prince on King Faisal's death, succeeded him. In 1986, King Fahd stopped using the title 'His Majesty' and took the title 'Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques'. Since 1996, Crown Prince Abdullah increasingly took on more responsibility after King Fahd suffered a stroke and upon the death of King Fahd on 1 August 2005, Crown Prince Abdullah became King and Prince Sultan became Crown Prince.

Economy

Saudi Arabia has the largest proven oil reserves in the world and is by a long way the largest exporter of oil. Oil was discovered in 1938, and production began under the then US-controlled Aramco (Arabian American Oil Company). Saudi Aramco, now nationalised, controls all onshore oil and has the largest reserve base of any company in the Exporting Countries (OPEC). It has always been the dominant player within OPEC in adjusting production in line with market stability.

Large oil earnings, particularly since the oil price rises of the early 1970's, have allowed the Government to spend heavily to look after the people and to build the infrastructure of a modern economy.

In the 1980's and 1990's economic growth was barely fast enough to keep up with population growth, but very high oil prices in 2003-2005 have made possible a strong resurgence in growth.

Saudi Arabia has long had a very liberal policy on the use of foreign workers, who form the vast bulk of the private sector workforce. However, the Saudi population is rapidly increasing and policy is now focusing on the need to create more jobs for young Saudis. 

Gold arabic make up

Gold , blue and brown arabic inspiration

MAC beige-ing shadestick as base

FaceFront- Shock Tart all over lid

Beauty from the Earth shadow, Antique (gold) above Crease

Mac amber lights in Crease

OCC Copperwire on the outer corner & MAC Corduroy eyeshadow to darken it more

Highlight & between double wing Sugarpill Lumi Loose Eyeshadow

Barry M liquid line above/below lashline

Mac smoulder in waterline

Loreal volumious mascara

Lashes Eyelure 140

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Coin pictures and Antiquities Arabic Coins

 

Coins and Antiquities Arabic Coins

 

Arab-Byzantine and Arab-Sassanian

 

Umayyad Dynasty

Gold Price vs Confidence

The gold price will be "too high" when we have more confidence in other currencies...

FINANCIAL MARKETS are experiencing their worst turmoil since 2008. Hard Assets Investor is conducting a virtual roundtable with commodity experts, asking them a series of questions facing investors during these tumultuous times.

In this interview we speak with Stephen Leeb, chairman and chief investment officer of Leeb Capital Management, who has been managing big-cap growth portfolios since 1999.

Hard Assets Investor: How will the US downgrade affect demand for commodities?

Stephen Leeb: More than anything, it's a psychological, not an economic, event. Who is S&P to downgrade? They can't interpret a political process. Who are they to downgrade the most complex balance sheet in the world? It's ridiculous. Yet it does have a psychological impact. It's a loud sign saying that the Dollar is not a very appropriate reserve currency. And in that sense, it's going to help commodities and precious metals.

HAI: Will the current low-inflation environment persist? And will commodities be a good hedge, should it not?

Stephen Leeb: I don't think there is a low-inflation environment. When you're paying $100 to fill up a big tank of gas, it's hard to say there's a low-inflation environment. It's just that some goods are inflating at low rates, or maybe even deflating. But overall, the necessities of life for most Americans have been inflating for some time.

That said, I think metals and commodities will continue to be a very good hedge against inflation.

HAI: Do you think the Federal Reserve will initiate QE3? And what impact will that have on commodities?

Stephen Leeb: I think that the Federal Reserve will institute QE3. And again, it will reinforce the uptrend in commodities.

HAI: Where do you see gold heading? And is there a price that's too high given the current environment?

Stephen Leeb: I think it's headed considerably higher. I don't know what price would be too high. But I think that it's better to ask, "Will there come a time when we have more confidence in other currencies, other hard assets, so that gold doesn't have to carry the entire weight of being a reserve currency?" At that point, if we continue to see gold rise, I would say it's probably rising too much.

HAI: Where do you see oil heading? And will the spread between Brent and WTI ever revert?

Stephen Leeb: WTI is a totally broken indicator. It's based on the landlocked storage capacity and it only goes to one or two spots in the country. It's broken. Almost all oil in the world is priced off Brent or maybe Louisiana Light. I doubt that you'll see it fixed. Oil is headed dramatically higher. Saudi Arabia needs $95 [a barrel] oil. That number is not going to go down; it's going to go up. Oil could easily double.

HAI: What's the best position commodity for the current environment? And why?

Stephen Leeb: Silver, because of two crucial fundamentals. One is that silver's a monetary metal, not as widely recognized as a monetary metal as gold right now. But it certainly has a history of being a monetary metal. And people will price it for that. You have a race to the bottom, as far as I can see, in terms of all the current reserve currencies. Second, half of silver's demand is on the industrial side, and it is critical for solar technology, where China is now a leader and will be buying more silver.

Gold Mining in Sudan

The northeastern African country of Sudan is the largest country in Africa and the Arab world, and the tenth largest in the world by area.  More well known for civil conflict than resources, the country possesses significant mineral wealth within its territory including: petroleum, natural gas, uranium, tin, silver,  manganese, zinc, iron, lead, copper, cobalt, nickel and gold.

Last November, Sudan signed 10 agreements for gold and iron mining, as the African nation plans to more than double its gold output to 50 metric tonnes in the current year. Four of the agreements were signed with international companies including a Sudanese subsidiary of the Guernsey-based Toro Gold Ltd. and a division of Rika Global Impex Ltd., based in Mumbai. The agreements grant the companies exploration rights in the states of Northern Kordofan, Al-Shamaliya, Nahr al-Nil and the Red Sea, which are all located in the north of the country. Sudan expects to sign 50 additional agreements in 2011 as it is experiencing “a rush” from foreign companies for gold exploration, including from Australia, Europe and the US, according to Sudan’s Mining Minister, Abdel Baqi al-Jailani.  Mr. al-Jailani said that “over 200,000 of Sudan’s artisanal miners, who camp in arid land in search for gold, have produced 23 metric tonnes of gold between January and October.”

Political Question Mark

For investors with a relatively high appetite for risk, some consideration should still be accounted for with regards to the Darfur conflict aftermath, the lack of basic infrastructure in large areas, and a reliance by much of the population on subsistence agriculture ensuring much of the population will remain at or below the poverty line for years despite rapid rises in average per capita income over recent times.

According to Sudan’s Finance Minister, Ali Mahmoud Abdel Rasoul the country relies too heavily on oil exports for most of its foreign currency earnings and is planning to diversify its economy to expand into gold mining and agriculture in the country’s north as the oil-rich region of Southern Sudan prepares for an independence vote this month.  The BP Statistical Review of World Energy lists Sudan as sub-Saharan Africa’s third largest crude producer, pumping about 490,000 barrels a day.

The independence referendum is considered a key component of a 2005 peace agreement which ended the two decade civil war between Sudan’s Muslim north and the south, where Christianity and animist beliefs dominate. Sudan’s north and south have not agreed on post-referendum arrangements such as responsibility for foreign debt and how to share the nation’s oil wealth with both sides currently splitting revenue from oil pumped in the south.

Potential Opportunity

La Mancha Resources (TSE:LMA) is currently producing gold at the Hassaï mine and intensively exploring and developing the volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits underlying the Hassaï mine open pits.  The Hassaï mine in Sudan has been in operation since 1992, with 18 open pits developed over the years to extract high grade oxide ore. The company is expecting to have produced 30,000 ounces of gold for 2010 with the ore coming from an enriched upper zone of a much larger mineralized system.

La Mancha anticipates this exploration will represent the cornerstone of its mid-term growth. They are also investigating the potential of exploration tenements in the Nuba Mountains region, in the archaeologically significant Arabian-Nubian Shield of central Sudan.  The company operates two producing gold mines in Africa, and a third in Australia. It also has one other mining project under development in Australia (White Foil), and holds a portfolio of some 30 exploration projects in Africa, Australia and Argentina.

Junior Gold Mining Stocks

According to a recent report by Casimir Capital, constituents in the proprietary Casimir Junior Gold index outperformed both senior gold producers and physical gold during 2010. The Casimir Junior Gold index rose 47.6 percent during 2010, compared with 29.4 percent for the Major Gold share index and 29.7 percent appreciation for bullion. The junior index constituents include operating pure junior gold mining companies that went public prior to 2005 that currently have a market capitalization of between $75 million to $1.2 billion, with a latest monthly average volume of shares traded greater than 150,000.

Casimir Capital is anticipating another strong year for both junior companies and physical gold, primarily driven by the same underpinning fundamentals that guided gold prices loftier during the previous year. Factors include Casimir’s forecasts for the continuity of relatively high US budget deficit  at approximately 8 percent; US government spending to attribute for a high percentage of GDP at 23-24 percent, and for growth in the US federal debt as a percentage of GDP. European Union sovereign debt and US dollar weakness will continue to be themes which should bolster the Casimir bullish investment thesis on the 12 month future value of gold.

Gold certificates

Gold certificates are usually unallocated gold with an option to convert into allocated at the investor's option and cost.

Because it is undelivered, and remains indefinitely as a balance sheet liability of the provider, we cannot recommend unallocated gold to any retail customer. The insolvency of the provider risks total loss to the investor.

Most gold certificates are nevertheless unallocated. They confer a right to allocate, but allocation and the resulting storage charges may be so expensive that the only time the right is likely to be used is when the supplier is in financial trouble, and then it could be too late.

Why do suppliers offer unallocated gold? It's because it is very profitable. They have the use of your unallocated gold so they can lend it for revenue, or otherwise put it to their use. In very few cases is that the intention of the private bullion buyer.

Before you choose a certificate program make sure you know if the gold is unallocated - it usually is - and make a conscious decision to accept the considerable long term risks.

Depending on the level of confidence which government backing of gold investments inspires in you there may be an exception to the wider pool of unallocated certificated gold schemes. Certainly the most well-known and most respected of the certificate providers is the Perth Mint Certificate Program.

Gold Coins

Buy gold coins or small gold bars and you can hold them in your hand, or possibly in a safe deposit box. Your gold is delivered (good), and in your possession (bad in large quantities).

You should try to get insurance cover if you buy a significant quantity, but this is not always easy, and of course you have to declare that you own gold in order to insure it, which you might not wish to do.

You will certainly find there is a significant premium on purchase price and a significant discount at sale, and this will dent your profits if you are buying for investment. Expect to lose about 8% this way, perhaps a little more in single coins and smaller denominations, or a little less in bulk.

You could find that you become a trapped owner should a financial meltdown occur. You may also discover your gold is not easily liquidated if - for example - exchange controls are implemented in the country where you live.

In spite of the drawbacks many people who buy a significant quantity of gold for investment offshore do keep a much smaller reserve in coins. This 2006 USA Liberty 'Buffalo', which is 1 oz and 99.99% pure gold, is owned by BullionVault's director, who thinks that while it may lack the investment efficiency of offshore good delivery bars, it is nevertheless very pretty. He paid a premium of 7% over spot and like most people who own coins has never yet tried to sell it.

It is relatively straightforward to buy gold coins. A search of Google for "gold coin dealers" will quickly produce some suppliers. Watch out for the big difference between numismatic coins and bullion coins. Bullion coins like the one pictured have no value as a collectible, and their worth is based only on their gold content.

Numismatic coins are for collectors. Their values vary according to any number of variables not related to bullion gold values.