Gold Arabic Name Necklace

This personalised silver Farsi (Persian) or Arabic name pendant is approximately 7/8"tall and the width is according to the name.
If possible, please provide the Arabic or Farsi spelling in the name box or write "I will send the spelling" in the name box and promptly e-mail it to us in Arabic or Farsi. Our fluent Arabic and Farsi speaking jeweler can provide the spelling as well. If you rely on our jeweler and upon receipt of your name necklace feel there is an error then if we remake your necklace depends on whether our jeweler determines that their spelling is a grammatically correct version or that they erred. It is not uncommon for there to be more than one correct spelling.

If you want the name in Urdu then either include the Urdu spelling or for $2.50 we can have any name or word converted into Urdu.

The .925 sterling silver box chain is included with this Arabic name plate necklace.

Simple mehndi designs,mehndi henna designs,bridal mehndi designs,arabic mehndi design

Simple mehndi designs,mehndi henna designs,bridal mehndi designs,arabic mehndi design,mehndi designs for beginners

the trend is to make bridal rings with platinum and other many uncommon

oday the trend is to make bridal rings with platinum and other many uncommon metals like tungsten and titanium. But pt wedding bands and pt wedding rings ar the most favorite among men and women. Platinum as the base metal and diamond or other stone or gem embellishments go well with pt rings. It may be men’s wedding bands or women’s wedding rings but everywhere it can be seen. Platinum is bright and glowing which attracts eyes. It is very much durable comparison with even gold. It is forever. When you will wear platinum in your finger you can feel the aura and the extraordinary feature of platinum. You can feel that you ar having the most valuable metal of the world. It has the charisma. And therefore everyone falls in love with platinum wedding bands and wedding ring sets automatically. Platinum can make everyone spellbound. But the only thing hera is that platinum does non come in a cheap price as it is known to all buyers. But to have a pt wedding band is nothing impossible for even middle class people. You can definitely go for it. Fix your price range and then make a choice for your beloved and you.

But till now nothing can replace the priority of gold among the couples. Gold is such a metal which can not lose its aura its shininess and beauty over the years. Gold as a metal is a lovely yellow color. Gold is favorable because it is looking good when it is worn and giving the right shape to it is easy and it is also durable.  Pure gold is also very malleable at 24 carats so it is easy to design and shape. However the best thing about the gold wedding ring is that it is available in different shades designs and goes well with other metals too. If you want to buy wedding ring made out of gold then you can quite dissimilar inspiring sunglasses like rose green and even white gold.

Now you may non be sure about the factor that which type of gold ring would be perfect for the design you choose. Sometimes it is good to choose a type that is not 24 karat because every design is non suitable for 24c gold.  This is because a higher karat that this would make the ring prostrate to twisting and going out of shape. So ensure that you select a wedding band that is either 14 c or 18 c. According to your necessity you can order a gold wedding ring which has alloyed metal.   Mixture of two or more alloys on with gold to create a special and cheap wedding ring can be applied. Also the more the proportion of gold the more expensive the wedding rings will be. So to have a long-lasting wedding ring

Buy latest trend cheap gold jewelry online

It is a common trend seen in many people that they save their old gold ornaments articles for future. There are many reasons as to why they do not use them like if it is old fashioned or is worn out and is out of design and has become old fashioned, in that case they keep those gold articles with them so that they can sell them later when money is needed. Articles like gold rings, necklaces, bracelets, earrings can be sold online to sellers. These days it is seen as a latest trend in the market to shop online gold jewelry. There is various websites which offer such types of services.

The karat value attached with the gold articles tells the purity of the gold. At the time of selling the online gold jewelry it must be kept in mind that it is at least of 10 karat value as per the norms and rules of selling online gold jewelry. If the karat value is attached with the gold article it means that the gold which you are buying is of purest quality otherwise it means that it is not original.

Everyone wants to buy gold jewelry which is affordable. There are many online sellers who offer cheap gold ornaments to the customers. By giving facility to buy cheap gold jewelry they have helped customers to see their dream come true. But at the time of purchasing online gold jewelry some aspects need to be kept in mind, like the quality of gold should be of proper standard and the karat value of gold article purchased should be of minimum 10 karat. The same goes for the sellers who want to sell their gold articles and have good business should remember that they know everything about their articles, whether it is the price, design or the name of the manufacturer of the jewelry, by knowing all this information about the articles you can increase your business as many customers will get attracted to your website and thus you will have more brand name in the market.

Especially people who shop online gold jewelry should be extra vigilant about being cheated by online sellers, as they are very smart, they will sell you an article which resembles to gold but actually it is not the original gold but he will charge you the price of gold and will cheat you. So before buying cheap gold jewelry do proper researches work on it, so that in future you do not regret on the deal which you made.

If you wish to shop online gold jewelry then you can feel free to visit the website of Golddhan. They also offer their customers with cheap gold ornaments. Here you will get the best designs of jewelry for you that you would have never expected of. So what are you waiting for? Just go for it now! Hope you make the best deal.

Gold In Arabic

Geography 

Saudi Arabia is about the size of Western Europe, covering four-fifths of the Arabian Peninsula. The Red Sea lies on the West coast and the Persian Gulf Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates on the East. Saudi Arabia has borders with Yemen and Oman in the South, and Jordan, Iraq and Kuwait in the North. There are four geographical regions: Hejaz (North-West), Asir (South-West), Nejd (Central Plateau) and Al Hasa (Eastern Province). Most of the population is concentrated in Jeddah and Mecca in the West, Riyadh in the centre and Dammam and Al Khobar in the East. Saudi Arabia's Empty Quarter is the largest sand desert in the world and is the size of France. Summer temperatures inland can reach 50°C during the day, but can fall dramatically to below 30°C at night. In winter they can be close to freezing in the desert. The coastal temperatures are more moderate but humidity is high.

Geology

Saudi Arabia is divided geologically into four distinct and extensive terrains:

    * the Proterozoic Arabian Shield, comprising metamorphosed volcano sedimentary successions intruded by granite and gabbro;

    * the Phanerozoic Arabian platform of clastic, calcareous, and evaporitic successions dipping gently eastward away from the Shield;

    * the Tertiary 'harrats' (extensive basalt plateaus) mainly overlying the Shield; and

    * the narrow Red Sea coastal plain of Tertiary and Quaternary sedimentary rocks and coral reefs.

The primary interest in metallic minerals is in the Proterozoic Arabian Shield although base metal deposits are known to exist in the Phanerozoic and the Red Sea terrains. The Precambrian (Proterozoic) contains most of Saudi Arabia's known metal deposits of gold, silver, copper, zinc, iron, and magnesium. The Phanerozoic cover contains the oil resources and deposits of bauxite, phosphate, clay, limestone, silica sand, and lightweight aggregate that are of increasing importance to the industrial development of the Kingdom.

History

Modern Saudi Arabia was formed in 1932 when Abdul Aziz bin Abdul Rahman Al-Saud united different regions of the Arabian Peninsula into one nation. All of Saudi Arabia's rulers since 1932 have been descendants of Al-Saud. During his rule, King Abdul Aziz laid the foundations for the modernisation of his country. He began to build the country's infrastructure, first establishing roads and basic communications systems, and later introducing modern technology and improving education, health care and agriculture.

In November 1953, King Abdul Aziz died and was succeeded by his eldest son, Crown Prince Saud bin Abdul Aziz Al-Saud. The new King's brother, Faisal bin Abdul Aziz, was named Crown Prince. King Saud established the Council of Ministers and the Ministries of Health, Education and Commerce. The Crown Prince became King Faisal in 1964. To deepen links between Islamic nations, he travelled throughout the Arab and Islamic world.

In 1975, King Faisal was assassinated by his nephew, Faisal bin Musa'id bin Abdul Aziz. He was succeeded by his brother, King Khalid bin Abdul Aziz, whose reign lasted until 1982, when he died of a heart attack. His brother, Fahd, who had been made Crown Prince on King Faisal's death, succeeded him. In 1986, King Fahd stopped using the title 'His Majesty' and took the title 'Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques'. Since 1996, Crown Prince Abdullah increasingly took on more responsibility after King Fahd suffered a stroke and upon the death of King Fahd on 1 August 2005, Crown Prince Abdullah became King and Prince Sultan became Crown Prince.

Economy

Saudi Arabia has the largest proven oil reserves in the world and is by a long way the largest exporter of oil. Oil was discovered in 1938, and production began under the then US-controlled Aramco (Arabian American Oil Company). Saudi Aramco, now nationalised, controls all onshore oil and has the largest reserve base of any company in the Exporting Countries (OPEC). It has always been the dominant player within OPEC in adjusting production in line with market stability.

Large oil earnings, particularly since the oil price rises of the early 1970's, have allowed the Government to spend heavily to look after the people and to build the infrastructure of a modern economy.

In the 1980's and 1990's economic growth was barely fast enough to keep up with population growth, but very high oil prices in 2003-2005 have made possible a strong resurgence in growth.

Saudi Arabia has long had a very liberal policy on the use of foreign workers, who form the vast bulk of the private sector workforce. However, the Saudi population is rapidly increasing and policy is now focusing on the need to create more jobs for young Saudis. 

Gold arabic make up

Gold , blue and brown arabic inspiration

MAC beige-ing shadestick as base

FaceFront- Shock Tart all over lid

Beauty from the Earth shadow, Antique (gold) above Crease

Mac amber lights in Crease

OCC Copperwire on the outer corner & MAC Corduroy eyeshadow to darken it more

Highlight & between double wing Sugarpill Lumi Loose Eyeshadow

Barry M liquid line above/below lashline

Mac smoulder in waterline

Loreal volumious mascara

Lashes Eyelure 140

Hope you like it and try it out :))

love you sexy

Coin pictures and Antiquities Arabic Coins

 

Coins and Antiquities Arabic Coins

 

Arab-Byzantine and Arab-Sassanian

 

Umayyad Dynasty

Gold Price vs Confidence

The gold price will be "too high" when we have more confidence in other currencies...

FINANCIAL MARKETS are experiencing their worst turmoil since 2008. Hard Assets Investor is conducting a virtual roundtable with commodity experts, asking them a series of questions facing investors during these tumultuous times.

In this interview we speak with Stephen Leeb, chairman and chief investment officer of Leeb Capital Management, who has been managing big-cap growth portfolios since 1999.

Hard Assets Investor: How will the US downgrade affect demand for commodities?

Stephen Leeb: More than anything, it's a psychological, not an economic, event. Who is S&P to downgrade? They can't interpret a political process. Who are they to downgrade the most complex balance sheet in the world? It's ridiculous. Yet it does have a psychological impact. It's a loud sign saying that the Dollar is not a very appropriate reserve currency. And in that sense, it's going to help commodities and precious metals.

HAI: Will the current low-inflation environment persist? And will commodities be a good hedge, should it not?

Stephen Leeb: I don't think there is a low-inflation environment. When you're paying $100 to fill up a big tank of gas, it's hard to say there's a low-inflation environment. It's just that some goods are inflating at low rates, or maybe even deflating. But overall, the necessities of life for most Americans have been inflating for some time.

That said, I think metals and commodities will continue to be a very good hedge against inflation.

HAI: Do you think the Federal Reserve will initiate QE3? And what impact will that have on commodities?

Stephen Leeb: I think that the Federal Reserve will institute QE3. And again, it will reinforce the uptrend in commodities.

HAI: Where do you see gold heading? And is there a price that's too high given the current environment?

Stephen Leeb: I think it's headed considerably higher. I don't know what price would be too high. But I think that it's better to ask, "Will there come a time when we have more confidence in other currencies, other hard assets, so that gold doesn't have to carry the entire weight of being a reserve currency?" At that point, if we continue to see gold rise, I would say it's probably rising too much.

HAI: Where do you see oil heading? And will the spread between Brent and WTI ever revert?

Stephen Leeb: WTI is a totally broken indicator. It's based on the landlocked storage capacity and it only goes to one or two spots in the country. It's broken. Almost all oil in the world is priced off Brent or maybe Louisiana Light. I doubt that you'll see it fixed. Oil is headed dramatically higher. Saudi Arabia needs $95 [a barrel] oil. That number is not going to go down; it's going to go up. Oil could easily double.

HAI: What's the best position commodity for the current environment? And why?

Stephen Leeb: Silver, because of two crucial fundamentals. One is that silver's a monetary metal, not as widely recognized as a monetary metal as gold right now. But it certainly has a history of being a monetary metal. And people will price it for that. You have a race to the bottom, as far as I can see, in terms of all the current reserve currencies. Second, half of silver's demand is on the industrial side, and it is critical for solar technology, where China is now a leader and will be buying more silver.

Gold Mining in Sudan

The northeastern African country of Sudan is the largest country in Africa and the Arab world, and the tenth largest in the world by area.  More well known for civil conflict than resources, the country possesses significant mineral wealth within its territory including: petroleum, natural gas, uranium, tin, silver,  manganese, zinc, iron, lead, copper, cobalt, nickel and gold.

Last November, Sudan signed 10 agreements for gold and iron mining, as the African nation plans to more than double its gold output to 50 metric tonnes in the current year. Four of the agreements were signed with international companies including a Sudanese subsidiary of the Guernsey-based Toro Gold Ltd. and a division of Rika Global Impex Ltd., based in Mumbai. The agreements grant the companies exploration rights in the states of Northern Kordofan, Al-Shamaliya, Nahr al-Nil and the Red Sea, which are all located in the north of the country. Sudan expects to sign 50 additional agreements in 2011 as it is experiencing “a rush” from foreign companies for gold exploration, including from Australia, Europe and the US, according to Sudan’s Mining Minister, Abdel Baqi al-Jailani.  Mr. al-Jailani said that “over 200,000 of Sudan’s artisanal miners, who camp in arid land in search for gold, have produced 23 metric tonnes of gold between January and October.”

Political Question Mark

For investors with a relatively high appetite for risk, some consideration should still be accounted for with regards to the Darfur conflict aftermath, the lack of basic infrastructure in large areas, and a reliance by much of the population on subsistence agriculture ensuring much of the population will remain at or below the poverty line for years despite rapid rises in average per capita income over recent times.

According to Sudan’s Finance Minister, Ali Mahmoud Abdel Rasoul the country relies too heavily on oil exports for most of its foreign currency earnings and is planning to diversify its economy to expand into gold mining and agriculture in the country’s north as the oil-rich region of Southern Sudan prepares for an independence vote this month.  The BP Statistical Review of World Energy lists Sudan as sub-Saharan Africa’s third largest crude producer, pumping about 490,000 barrels a day.

The independence referendum is considered a key component of a 2005 peace agreement which ended the two decade civil war between Sudan’s Muslim north and the south, where Christianity and animist beliefs dominate. Sudan’s north and south have not agreed on post-referendum arrangements such as responsibility for foreign debt and how to share the nation’s oil wealth with both sides currently splitting revenue from oil pumped in the south.

Potential Opportunity

La Mancha Resources (TSE:LMA) is currently producing gold at the Hassaï mine and intensively exploring and developing the volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits underlying the Hassaï mine open pits.  The Hassaï mine in Sudan has been in operation since 1992, with 18 open pits developed over the years to extract high grade oxide ore. The company is expecting to have produced 30,000 ounces of gold for 2010 with the ore coming from an enriched upper zone of a much larger mineralized system.

La Mancha anticipates this exploration will represent the cornerstone of its mid-term growth. They are also investigating the potential of exploration tenements in the Nuba Mountains region, in the archaeologically significant Arabian-Nubian Shield of central Sudan.  The company operates two producing gold mines in Africa, and a third in Australia. It also has one other mining project under development in Australia (White Foil), and holds a portfolio of some 30 exploration projects in Africa, Australia and Argentina.

Junior Gold Mining Stocks

According to a recent report by Casimir Capital, constituents in the proprietary Casimir Junior Gold index outperformed both senior gold producers and physical gold during 2010. The Casimir Junior Gold index rose 47.6 percent during 2010, compared with 29.4 percent for the Major Gold share index and 29.7 percent appreciation for bullion. The junior index constituents include operating pure junior gold mining companies that went public prior to 2005 that currently have a market capitalization of between $75 million to $1.2 billion, with a latest monthly average volume of shares traded greater than 150,000.

Casimir Capital is anticipating another strong year for both junior companies and physical gold, primarily driven by the same underpinning fundamentals that guided gold prices loftier during the previous year. Factors include Casimir’s forecasts for the continuity of relatively high US budget deficit  at approximately 8 percent; US government spending to attribute for a high percentage of GDP at 23-24 percent, and for growth in the US federal debt as a percentage of GDP. European Union sovereign debt and US dollar weakness will continue to be themes which should bolster the Casimir bullish investment thesis on the 12 month future value of gold.

Gold certificates

Gold certificates are usually unallocated gold with an option to convert into allocated at the investor's option and cost.

Because it is undelivered, and remains indefinitely as a balance sheet liability of the provider, we cannot recommend unallocated gold to any retail customer. The insolvency of the provider risks total loss to the investor.

Most gold certificates are nevertheless unallocated. They confer a right to allocate, but allocation and the resulting storage charges may be so expensive that the only time the right is likely to be used is when the supplier is in financial trouble, and then it could be too late.

Why do suppliers offer unallocated gold? It's because it is very profitable. They have the use of your unallocated gold so they can lend it for revenue, or otherwise put it to their use. In very few cases is that the intention of the private bullion buyer.

Before you choose a certificate program make sure you know if the gold is unallocated - it usually is - and make a conscious decision to accept the considerable long term risks.

Depending on the level of confidence which government backing of gold investments inspires in you there may be an exception to the wider pool of unallocated certificated gold schemes. Certainly the most well-known and most respected of the certificate providers is the Perth Mint Certificate Program.

Gold Coins

Buy gold coins or small gold bars and you can hold them in your hand, or possibly in a safe deposit box. Your gold is delivered (good), and in your possession (bad in large quantities).

You should try to get insurance cover if you buy a significant quantity, but this is not always easy, and of course you have to declare that you own gold in order to insure it, which you might not wish to do.

You will certainly find there is a significant premium on purchase price and a significant discount at sale, and this will dent your profits if you are buying for investment. Expect to lose about 8% this way, perhaps a little more in single coins and smaller denominations, or a little less in bulk.

You could find that you become a trapped owner should a financial meltdown occur. You may also discover your gold is not easily liquidated if - for example - exchange controls are implemented in the country where you live.

In spite of the drawbacks many people who buy a significant quantity of gold for investment offshore do keep a much smaller reserve in coins. This 2006 USA Liberty 'Buffalo', which is 1 oz and 99.99% pure gold, is owned by BullionVault's director, who thinks that while it may lack the investment efficiency of offshore good delivery bars, it is nevertheless very pretty. He paid a premium of 7% over spot and like most people who own coins has never yet tried to sell it.

It is relatively straightforward to buy gold coins. A search of Google for "gold coin dealers" will quickly produce some suppliers. Watch out for the big difference between numismatic coins and bullion coins. Bullion coins like the one pictured have no value as a collectible, and their worth is based only on their gold content.

Numismatic coins are for collectors. Their values vary according to any number of variables not related to bullion gold values.

You Can Sell Your Jewelry When It Becomes Obsolete

Whether you have yellow or white gold, these days you can reap a ton of benefits by selling to cash for gold store. Examine a few points that may help you decide if you want to put your jewelry on sale.

Do not like it anymore
Initially, you may have really thought a certain piece of jewelry was something you could not live without. But as time goes by and things change, you realize that a big, gaudy piece of yellow metal is no longer the apple of your eye. As a result, you may stop wearing it because you just do not like it anymore. Cash for gold store would be glad to give you money in exchange for your jewelry. You can be in and out in a short period of time and soon be enjoying a lot more money.

You would rather sell it than fix it
If you are someone that keeps looking at a broken watch or another piece of jewelry but have not gotten it fixed, it may be time to sell it. There are numerous cash for gold stores that have popped up recently and you are sure to find one that will be glad to take your broken jewelry off your hands. You may be surprised to learn how much money you could actually get for various pieces of broken yellow metal. In the end, you would not have to worry about looking at the various items tucked away in a drawer anymore. Instead, you will be out spending the money you just got.

You want fast money
Getting money quick, fast, and in a hurry, can be difficult sometimes. But some people tend to act fast and go to the pawn shop. Unfortunately, they may not walk away with the best deal for money. Instead, they could have gotten more money if they had gone to cash for gold store.

Out grown it
Maybe you are someone who likes to keep things for sentimental value. And if this means gold jewelry, then you may have more jewelry sitting away than you would realize. This goes for much of the jewelry you got when you were kid, teenager or young adult. Usually people outgrow this type of jewelry and can not wear it anymore. So if you want to make some money, contact cash for gold buyer and see what you can get for the jewelry you cannot wear anymore.

A nine-point checklist for secure gold investment

LOOKING TO buy gold today? Here's a nine-point check-list for secure gold investment presented to this week's Investor's Chronicle Gold Conference, hosted at the London Stock Exchange...

#1. Don't take it home, except maybe a few coins
History is littered with sad stories of people who bought gold (rightly) because they feared severe economic contraction in their home country, and then made the mistake of holding their gold at home. When they needed it they could not release its value because it had become contraband.

Think of Zimbabwe (now), Argentina (2001), Yugoslavia (1990s), Vietnam & Cambodia (1970s), Nazi Germany (1930s), the USA (1933), Russia (1917). Gold secures your wealth when it is held in a reliable country. This is unlikely to be your own country if you are wise to be buying gold.

2. Buy 'Good Delivery' fine bullion to save 6-10% over coins & small bars
The world's best gold (assayed at 99.5% or better, and traded 100% 'fine' – i.e. gross bar weight x assayed purity) has a rock-solid perpetual guarantee of its quality and is, surprisingly, also the cheapest. Good Delivery gold also sells for the highest prices. That's because Good Delivery bullion is the spot market standard and is massively more liquid than coin markets.

3. Use allocated storage at a commercial vault – not a bank
Persuading you to hold your gold 'unallocated' lets banks finance their own liquidity reserve with your gold. It is so attractive to banks that they significantly overcharge for the safer 'allocated' storage option. So don't use banks to store gold. Instead, use fully allocated and insured commercial vaults; they don't have a liquidity reserve requirement, and therefore have no motivation to overcharge for allocated.

The wholesale storage rate (including insurance) is about 0.1% per annum in a commercial vault. It will usually be many times that much in a bank. BullionVault charges 0.12% per annum, with a minimum of $4 per month.

4. Direct overseas ownership
Don't get caught out by a trust deed or vault in the wrong jurisdiction. Think about exchange controls. In a world of severe economic contraction, you would almost certainly still be able to travel (if you can afford to buy the ticket), enabling you to physically collect your gold and realize its value outside controls in your home jurisdiction. This is why direct overseas ownership often works better than ownership through a trust. An intermediating trust deed could result in the ownership of gold effectively being trapped in the country where the trust was set up.

5. Avoid certification. Insist on regular publication of bar lists & reconciliation
There are two big problems with gold certificates. Firstly they convert your gold into a security, i.e. the certificate becomes the thing you own, not the gold itself, putting the issuer between you and the gold, which means the problems of trusts apply again. Gold is a tangible good, so it does not need the complexity of being wrapped as a security. You can own the stuff itself, and involve no-one else in your title.

The second problem with certificates is that there's no way of knowing how many certificates have been issued, which is a threat to your unique ownership. Modern technology can help here, by allowing you internet access to view the register of all owners. BullionVault is the only custody service in the world which publishes – every day – bar lists reconciled to individual private holdings. You can see the public evidence of your holding, reconciled to the current bar list; our central register defines who owns what, and eliminates the possibility of double counting. But however you choose to buy gold, check your metal is separately identified on the reconciliation.

6. Make sure ownership records are independently audited
You want the auditor, and not the service provider, to vouch for how this thorough study reconciles your ownership records with the physical property. See that the bullion is checked and reported on annually by a qualified assayer.

7. Consider your crisis response
Could you effect a rapid location switch and/or international shipment? Currency crises blow up with alarming speed. Gold stored via a stock-exchange traded instrument (such as a Gold ETF) is not particularly mobile. There will usually be only one vault in one jurisdiction storing all the gold. The problem is that trading out of that jurisdiction requires a three-day stock exchange settlement period, after which your stockbroker will send your money to you, probably incurring another few days' delay.

You may well be safer if you can either instantly sell your gold and buy in another physical location, or ask for your gold to be shipped. Both of these are simple transactions on BullionVault. The first you can do on-line. The second takes advantage of the fact that BullionVault's vault operator routinely transports bullion from one international vault location to another. The shipment can be arranged without the bullion ever leaving the control of the commercial vault operator, which makes it much easier and cheaper to set up – fast.

8. Right to withdraw for personal possession
If you choose the cost-savings, liquidity and security of using safe custody, you must also retain the right to withdraw your property in full. All BullionVault customers have the right to take possession of their gold. Each gram is physically present in the vault of their choice, available for withdrawal.

9. Liquidity – look for 24/7 trading; don't rely on just one counterparty
Gold is not like a stock-market share. Most stocks only move when their local market is open. Gold moves all the time. Since price action occurs during Asian, European and American market hours, you should be able to act when the price moves, too. So you need a marketplace which stays open.

BullionVault is currently the only gold market in the world which is open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. On BullionVault, users also quote their own prices. So there are thousands of counterparties free to quote to you, and to whom you can freely quote your own price.

One-counterparty systems, in contrast, force you to sell your gold back to the system operator. This eliminates competition and allows the provider to quote wide spreads. Whereas free competition on price massively reduces the cost of the spread.

Ready to Buy  Gold...?

History of Gold Dinar

Money in various forms is as a tool of trade exchange which has been known for thousands of years ago as in the history of ancient Egypt around 4000 BC - 2000 BC. In its more standard, gold and silver money was introduced by Julius Caesar of the Romans around 46 BC. The king is also introducing a standard conversion of gold into silver, and vice versa with a ratio of 12: 1 to silver to gold. Julius Caesar This standard applies elsewhere in the world of Europe for about 1250 years ie until the year 1204.

In the rest of the world in the Muslim world, gold and silver, known as the Dinar and Dirham is also used since the beginning of Islam for both activities and worship muamalah such as zakat and Deputyship diyat until the end of the Ottoman Turks in 1924.

Standardization of Dinar and Dirham weight of money following the Hadith the Prophet Muhammad. "Scales are the weights of the population dose is the dose of Mecca and Medina resident" (Narrated by Abu Daud).
At the time of Caliph Umar ibn Khattab about the year 624 AD created a standard weight of the relationship between gold and silver money which standardized the weight of 7 dinars equal weight of 10 dirhams.

Of the dinar, dinar stored in the museum after an accurately weighed in the scales it is known that the weight scales 1 Dinar issued at the time of Caliph Abdul Malik bin Marwan is 4.25 grams, this weight equals the weight of currency called Solidos Byzantine and Greek currency called drachmas.

Until the mid 13th century in both the Islamic and non Islamic countries history shows that gold coins are relatively standard is widely used. This is not surprising because since the beginning of its development of gold coins began to apply in many parts of the world, such as the Republic of Florence in Italy in 1252 to print his own money is called the gold Florin, followed by the Republic of Venice with Ducat's name.

In the late 13th century that Islam began to spread to Europe with the establishment of the Ottoman caliphate and historical milestones achieved in 1453 when Muhammad Al Fatih conquered Constantinople. During the 7th century from the 13th century to early 20th century, the Dinar and Dirham is the currency most widely used. The use of Dinar and Dirham covers the whole of Ottoman rule that covers three continents, southern and eastern Europe, northern Africa and parts of Asia.

When coupled with the heyday of Islam before the start of early prophetic Prophet (610) then the overall Dinar and Dirham is the currency of the longest modern (14th century) in human history.

In Indonesia today, the Dinar and Dirham Precious Metals produced by PT. Aneka Tambang Tbk. that the technology and mastery of materials capable of Dinar and Dirham produce the levels and weight in accordance with the standards of the Dinar and Dirham in the early days of Islam.

Standard levels and weight were not only nationally certified by KAN (National Accreditation Committee), but also by the certification of precious metals with the International stadarisasi the London Bullion Market Association

Tips to Care for your Gold Jewelry

Tips to Care for your Gold Jewelry If you are not wearing your Gold pieces, it is best to wrap them in soft cloth and keep them in a safe place, to prevent abrasion.

Some tips to clean your Gold Jewelry:
o Clean your piece in lukewarm water with soft soap, followed by
o Cleaning with a soft brush to remove any stain or dust.
o Rinse it again with clean lukewarm water and
o Wipe dry with a soft cloth.
o And finally, dry it off with a hair dryer

Avoid any contact between Gold jewelry and any chemical matters that may cause oxidation, such as perfume and lotions.

Gold provides free services for your jewelry maintenance, such us the ultrasonic cleaning to rid of stain and dust of your pieces.

Gold Price History in United Arab Emirates Dirhams (AED) for August 2011

	Gold Price/oz	Gold Price/kg
01/08/11	5.927,96	209.102,64
02/08/11	6.113,31	215.640,83
03/08/11	6.100,26	215.180,20
04/08/11	6.079,19	214.437,15
05/08/11	6.063,81	213.894,52
08/08/11	6.332,46	223.370,93
09/08/11	6.335,38	223.473,99
10/08/11	6.604,09	232.952,55
11/08/11	6.479,30	228.550,52
12/08/11	6.413,11	226.215,66
15/08/11	6.483,58	228.701,51
16/08/11	6.546,51	230.921,31
17/08/11	6.586,60	232.335,61
18/08/11	6.695,50	236.176,67
19/08/11	6.805,26	240.048,65

Guy Clark's Ancient Coins and Antiquities Arabic Coins

Arab-Byzantine and Arab-Sassanian

- the earliest Islamic coinage copied the Sassanian model of Yazdgard III. The main series was struck from Yazdgard's death in AD651 to the early 700s with subsidiary series continuing in Tabaristan and Eastern Sistan until the late 700s. AC1. Arab-Sassanian, 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwan, AH 65-86/AD 685-705, AR Drachm/Dirhem (4.0g). Khusro II Sassanian style bust, 'Afzut'/Fire altar and attendants, Darabjerd mint, Y.E.60, Walker C.3. Obv. centered, rev. centered to left but intact save for some border, nice clear portrait and script, light tone, Very Fine+....$325 Photo

AC2. Arab-Sassanian, al-Muhallob b. Abi Suffa, AH 75-79/AD 694-698, AR Drachm/Dirhem (4.0g). Khusro II Sassanian style bust, 'Afzut'/Fire altar and attendants, Bishapur mint, AH76, Walker 224; Album A-31. Centered, clear portrait and script, light tone, Fine+ - about Very Fine....SOLD Photo

AC5. Arab-Byzantine, Syria, ca AD 650s-680s, AE Fals. Crowned bust facing holding cross on globe and cross atop crown/Large 'M', branch above, Hims/Emesa mint, M.3-8v. Centered on squared cut flan, brown patina with slight earthen cover in fields, about Very Fine....SOLD Photo

AC6. Arab-Byzantine, Syria, ca AD 650s-680s, AE Fals. Crowned bust facing holding cross on globe and cross atop crown/Large 'M', branch above, Hims/Emesa mint, M.14. Nicely centered, dark brown patina with slightearthen cover, clear types, about Very Fine....SOLD Photo

Umayyad Dynasty - AD 661-750

AC10A. Umayyad Caliphs, temp. Hisham, AD105-125; AD724-743, AR Dirham. Script both sides, AH 123 (AD741), Wasit mint, Album 136. Near centered, evenly struck, Very Fine....SOLD Photo
AC10B. Umayyad Caliphs, temp. Hisham, AD105-125; AD724-743, AR Dirham. Script both sides, AH 113 (AD731), Damascus mint, Album 137. Centered, very slightly wavy flan with few spots of weakness, a few stained areas, still decent, Very Fine....SOLD Photo
AC10C. Umayyad Caliphs, temp. Hisham, AD105-125; AD724-743, AR Dirham. Script both sides, AH 124 (AD742), Wasit mint, Album 137. Centered, well struck with no weakness, a very nice example, About Uncirculated...SOLD Photo
AC10D. Umayyad Caliphs, temp. Hisham, AD105-125; AD724-743, AR Dirham. Script both sides, AH 125 (AD743), Wasit mint, Album 137. Centered, well struck with no weakness, a very nice example, About Uncirculated....$65 Photo

AC12. Umayyad Caliphs, Anonymous, ca early 8th Century AD, AE Fals. Menorah/Arabic legend, Walker 605; SNAT 29. Centered, brown patina with slight earthen encrustation, clear menorah, reverse legends mostly clear, SCARCE, about Very Fine/Fine....SOLD Photo

AC13. Umayyad Caliphs, Anonymous, ca early 8th Century AD, AE Fals. Kalima each side, Dimashq (Damascus) mint, Album 174. Near centered, dark brown patina with earthen cover slightly thicker on obv., Fine....SOLD Photo

AC14. Umayyad Caliphs, Anonymous, AH78-85; AD 698-705, AE Fals. Kalima each side, Qinnasrin mint, Album 184. Near centered, dark brown patina with slightly thick earthen cover, Fine....$10 Photo

AC16. Umayyad Caliphs, Gov. Marwan ibn Bashir, ca AH 79-132, ca early 8th Century AD, AE Fals. Jerboah left/Kalima, mint name, Hims mint, undated, MWOI 77. Centered, dark brown patina, clear type and legend, Very Fine+....$75 Photo

AC20. Umayyad Caliphs, Anonymous, ca AH 78-85, ca AD 698-705, AE Fals. Kalima/Kalima, no mint named, undated, Album 153. Near centered, dark brown patina with moderate earthen cover, clear legend, Fine+....$15 Photo

Umayyads of Spain

The coins of the Umayyads of Spain generally come clipped to some degree, are often poorly struck and usually have wavy flans. These are generally noted below in the descriptions, but should not be considered serious detriments to the collectibility of these coins as these traits are often the norm for this series.

AC703. 'Abd al-Rahman II, AD206-238, AD822-852, AR Dirhem. Script both sides, al-Andalus mint, AH217, A-342. Centered, overall light tone with some dark areas, fairly well struck with some areas of weakness, decent example, Very Fine.... SOLD Photo

AC704. 'Abd al-Rahman II, AD206-238, AD822-852, AR Dirhem. Script both sides, al-Andalus mint, AH221, A-342, Miles 112. Centered, very slight clipping, medium to dark tone, fairly well struck with some areas of weakness, decent example, Very Fine+....SOLD Photo

AC705. 'Abd al-Rahman II, AD206-238, AD822-852, AR Dirhem. Script both sides, al-Andalus mint, AH232, A-342, Miles 112. Centered, overall light tone, average strike with some areas of weakness, decent example, Very Fine....$70 Photo

AC707. Muhammad I, AD238-273, AD852-886, AR Dirhem. Script both sides, al-Andalus mint, AH246, A-343. Centered, toned with some darker areas, areas of weakness but fairly clear, Very Fine....$75 Photo

AC708. Muhammad I, AD238-273, AD852-886, AR Dirhem (2.58g). Script both sides, al-Andalus mint, AH243, A-343; M. 317v. Centered, toned with some darker areas, weak areas and flattening but fairly clear, Fine-Very Fine....$60 Photo

AC711. al-Hakam II, AH350-366, AD961-976, AR Dirhem. Script both sides, Madinat al-Zahra mint, AH352, A-352. Centered, very slightly wavy flan, light grey tone, weakness of strike in some spots but mostly clear script, Very Fine....SOLD Photo

AC712. al-Hakam II, AH350-366, AD961-976, AR Dirhem. Script both sides, Madinat al-Zahra mint, AH352, A-352. Centered, slightly clipped, light grey tone, clear script, Very Fine+....$70 Photo

AC713. al-Hakam II, AH350-366, AD961-976, AR Dirhem. Script both sides, Madinat al-Zahra mint, AH360, A-352. Centered, slightly clipped, very slightly wavy flan, light tone, weakness in few spots due to strike but mostly clear script, Very Fine+....$65 Photo

AC714. Hisham II, 1st reign, AH366-399, AD976-1009, AR Dirhem. Script both sides, al-Andalus mint, AH366, A-354. Centered, slightly clipped, slightly wavy flan, light grey tone, weakness in some spots but mostly clear script, Very Fine+....$65 Photo

AC715. Hisham II, 1st reign, AH366-399, AD976-1009, AR Dirhem. Script both sides, al-Andalus mint, AH380/AD991, A-354; Miles 236. Centered, slightly wavy flan, one small flan notch, grey tone, weakness in some spots but mostly clear script, Fine- about Very Fine....$55 Photo

Abbassid Dynasty

AC51. Abbassid Caliphs, al-Mansur, AH136-158/AD754-775, AR Dirhem. Script both sides, Kufa mint, dated AH144, Album 213.1. Centered, clear script, light tone, Very Fine....SOLD Photo

AC55. Abbassid Caliphs, al-Mansur, AH 136-158/AD754-775, AR Dirhem. Script both sides, Kufa mint, dated AH141, Album 213.1. Slightly offcentered, clear script, light tone, Very Fine....SOLD Photo

AC56. Abbassid Caliphs, al-Mahdi, AH158-169/AD775-785, AR Dirham. Script both sides, AH166, al Muhammadiya (Rayy, Iran) mint, Album 215.1. Centered, some weakness and dark tone one side, Very Fine....SOLD Photo

AC57. Abbassid Caliphs, al-Mahdi, AH158-169/AD775-785, AR Dirham. Script both sides, AH162, Madinat al-Salaam mint (Baghdad), Album 215.1. Centered, some weakness and slight waviness, grey tone, Very Fine....SOLD Photo

AC91. Abbassid Caliphs, al-Muqtadir, AH295-320/AD908-932, AR Dirham. Inscriptions both sides, Madinat al-Salam (Baghdad) mint, AH300 (=AD911/12), Album 246. Centered, some areas of weakness near edges, light tone, Uncirculated....$55 Photo

AC48. Abbassid Caliphs, al-Muqtadir, AH295-320/AD908-932, AR Dirham. Inscriptions both sides, al-Basra mint, AH318 (=AD930), Album246. Centered, area of weakness bottom/side from strike, Very Fine....$40 Photo

AC92. Abbassid Caliphs, al-Muttaqi, AH329-333/AD940-946, AV Dinar (4.52g). Inscriptions both sides, Madinat-al-Salam mint, AH331, Album 260(S). Centered, well struck with only minor weakness and clear legends, attractive, Extremely Fine....SOLD Photo

Mamluk Dynasty

The Mamluks ruled over Egypt and Syria for around 250 years and is usually divided into 2 parts - the Bahri, who ruled from 1250-1390 and practiced hereditary succession, and the Burji, who ruled from 1382-1517 and whose leaders were chosen by and from the military leadership. The Mamluks are sometimes called the Slave Kings; the term mamluk means Slave. It refers to the fact that Mamluks were purchased as young boys (technically making them slaves), mostly from areas such as Russia and the Asian steppes, and were trained for the various duties in the ruling class bureaucracy. Some even rose to the rank of Sultan.

AC311. Bahri Mamluks, Qala'un, AH678-89/AD1279-1290, AR Dirham. Legends each side, Hamah mint, AH(68)3, Album 894. Centered on usual slightly small flan losing some legend at edges, legends mostly clear, Fine+....$25 Photo

AC304. Bahri Mamluks, al-Nasir Muhammed I, 3rd reign, AH 709-741; AD 1310-1341, AE Fals (2.82g). Legend each side, Hamah mint, SNAT(Hamah) 394; Album 922; Balog 245. About 30% offcentered each side, dark brown patina, Fine....$15 Photo

AC305A. Bahri Mamluks, Anonymous, AH 741-743, AD 1341-1432, AE Fals (2.70g). Legend in 6-pointed star/Legend within circle, Hamah mint, SNAT(Hamah) 400. Near centered, usual weakness, dark brown patina, SCARCE, about Very Fine....$35 Photo
AC305B. Bahri Mamluks, Anonymous, AH 741-743, AD 1341-1432, AE Fals (2.70g). Legend in 6-pointed star/Legend within circle, Hamah mint, SNAT(Hamah) 400. Near centered, usual weakness, dark brown patina with earthen cover, SCARCE, about Very Fine....$35 Photo

AC306. Bahri Mamluks, el-Salih Isma'il, AH 743-746; AD 1342-1345, AE Fals (3.39g). Legends each side, Damascus mint, dated AH 744, Album 935; Balog 288. Near centered, dark brown patina, some usual weakness but important parts of legend clear, Fine+....$30 Photo

AC307. Bahri Mamluks, al-Nasir Hasan, AH 748-752 and 755-762; AD 1347-1351 and 1354-1361, AE Fals. Legends both sides, Hamah mint, SNAT(Hamah) 526; Album 947, Balog 250. Offcenter both sides, dark brown patina with light earthen cover, Very Fine....$20 Photo

AC308. Bahri Mamluks, al-Nasir Hasan, AH 748-752 and 755-762; AD 1347-1351 and 1354-1361, AE Fals. Legends both sides, Hamah mint, SNAT(Hamah) 534; Album 947, Balog 374A. Offcenter one side, dark brown patina with light earthen cover, Fine+....$30 Photo

AC309. Bahri Mamluks, al-Ashraf Sha'ban II, AH 764-778; AD 1363-1376, AE Fals (2.38g). Legends, Hamah mint, SNAT(Hamah) 576, Album 958. One side slightly offcenter, dark brown patina with light encrustation, clear, about Very Fine....$35 Photo

AC313. Bahri Mamluks, al-Ashraf Sha'ban II, AH 764-778; AD 1363-1376, AE Fals (2.62g). Legends, Hamah mint, overstruck on a Fals of al-Mansur Muhammad(?), SNAT(Hamah) 585, Album 958; Balog 460. Offcenter each side, dark brown patina with light earthen highlighting, clear, about Very Fine....$35 Photo

Ayyubids

AC204. Ayyubids of Damascus, al-Nasir Yusuf I (Saladin), AH 564-589/AD 1169-1193, AR Half Dirham (1.5g). Legends either side, Dimashq (Damascus) mint, AH 585, Album 787.2. Near centered each side, small area of flattening each side, otherwise well struck, a popular ruler due to his involvement in the Crusades, nice attractive example, Very Fine+....SOLD Photo

AC206. Ayyubids of Aleppo, al-Zahir Ghazi, brother of Saladin, AD1186-1216, AE Fals. Legend citing Caliph al-Nasr within 8-pointed star each side, Aleppo mint, Album 838, Balog 677. Near centered, some flattening, most legends clear, dark brown patina with some earthen cover, decent example, Fine....$15 SOLD Photo

AC207. Ayyubids of Aleppo, al'Aziz Muhammad, AH 613-634/AD 1216-1236, AE Fals. Script each side citing Caliph al-Nasr, Aleppo mint, Album 841. Near centered, dark olive patina with some earthen cover, some weakness, Fine....$15 Photo

AC219. Ayyubids, Main line in Cairo, al-'Adil Abu Bakr I, AH 592-615/AD 1196-1218, AV Dinar (4.51g). Script each side, al-Iskandariya (Alexandria) mint, Album 801. Somewhat offcentered one side, legends clear, Very Fine+....$575 Photo

AC208. Ayyubids, Main line in Cairo, al-'Adil Abu Bakr I, AH 592-615/AD 1196-1218, AE Fals. Script each side, Harran mint, Album 810(S). Near centered, worn but legends mostly clear, brown patina, Fine....$30 Photo

AC218. Ayyubids, al-Kamil Muhammad, AD 1218-1238, AV Dinar (5.49g). Legends both sides, Cairo mint, Album 811. Near centered, a few weak spots in outer legend, otherwise fairly well struck, nice example, Very Fine+....$575 Photo

AC209. Ayyubids of Hamah, al-Mansur Muhammad II, AD642-683/AD 1244-1284, AE Fals. Sxcript citing overlord al-Nasr Yusuf II, Hamah mint, Balog 838, Album 355.2(S). Offcenter each side so partially flattened from strike, struck areas bold and clear, dark brown patina with light earthen cover, Fine-Very Fine....$20 Photo

Zangids

AC27. Zangids of Aleppo, Al-Salih Isma'il, AH569-577, AD 1174-1181, AE Fals. Legend around portrait rt./Script, cites Caliph al-Mustazi, Halab (Aleppo) mint, Album 1854.1. Obv. centered slightly low, rev. centered to left, somewhat worn but clear, dark green patina, RARE, Fine....SOLD Photo

AC21. Zangids of Mosul, Qutb al-Din Modud, AD1149-1170, AE Dirhem. Facing bust, 2 winged figures above/Kufic legends, S/S 59. Near centered, somewhat rough black patina, some obv. weakness but portrait basically clear, legends weak rev., Fine....$25 Photo

AC19. Lu'lu'ids of Mosul, Badr al-Din Lulu, AD1234-1259 (AH 631-657), AE Dirham, 23mm. Head left in square/Inscription, S/S 68, MWI 1131. Strongly double struck thus somewhat garbled with weak spots, also some roughness, an interesting piece, Fine....SOLDPhoto

AC17. Zangids of Sinjar, Imad al-Din Zengi, AD1170-1197, AE Dirham, 24mm. Double headed eagle/Inscription, S/S 79. Obv. centered slightly high and to the rt. losing one eagle head, rev. slightly offcenter losing some legends, modest flan notch as made, brown patina, Fine+ - about Very Fine....$30 Photo

AC102. Zangids of Sinjar, Qutb al-Din Mohammed, AH594-616, AD 1197-1219, AE Dirham. Roman style bust left holding spear/Legends, tamgha below, S/S 81.1. Near centered, flan slightly irregular, black patina, rev. legends weak on upper rt. corner but mostly clear, decent example, about Very Fine....$45 Photo

Artuqids

AC38.Artuqids of Mardin, Najm al-Din Alpi under Caliph al-Mustanjid, AD1152-1176, AE Dirham. Kalima circling head of Abbasid Caliph/Two facing heads, S/S30. Nicely centered with some facial detail (more so on obv. than rev.), dark brown patina with light earthen cover, about Very Fine....$45 Photo

AC59. Artuqids of Mardin, Husam al-Din Yuluq Arslan, AD 1184-1201, AE Dirham, 35mm. Facing radiate bust/3-line legend in 6-pointed star, Edhem 53, S/S 33. Centered, olive-green patina somewhat thick obscuring some detail, decent portrait, clear legend, Fine+/Very Fine....SOLD Photo

AC60. Artuqids of Mardin, Husam al-Din Yuluq Arslan, AD 1184-1201, AE Dirham, 33mm. Two busts, rt. one larger and facing left, left one smaller and facing/4-line legend, Edhem 47, S/S34. Centered, even black patina, strong portraits, some legend slightly weak rev., obverse very attractive, Very Fine....$55 Photo

Seljuqs

The Seljuqs were a Turkic people whose history begins around AD 1000, by which time they were the dominant presence in Transoxiana and Turkestan. They overran the western part of the Ghaznavid Emirate in AD 1040 and shortly thereafter took over all of Persia and Mesopotamia from the Buwayhids.

AC157. Sanjar (Mu'izz al-Din Abu'l-Harith), AD 1097-1157, Pale AV Dinar. Legends each side, date (after AH 520) and mint (Balkh or Herat) unreadable, Album 1687. A bit offcentered each side, typical uneven strike with weak sections, Fine-About Very Fine, 2 examples pictured separately below, each....$150
B. 2.5gPhoto
C. 2.4gPhoto
Sanjar was the Seljuq prince of Khorasan whose fame almost eclipses that of the 'Great Seljuqs' because of the length of his reign, his power and the victories in its first half, his disasters in the second half, and the fact that he was the last real Seljuq sultan in Iran. The death of Sanjar signaled the decline of the Great Seljuq Empire, which broke up into several smaller states.

AC158. Seljuqs of Rum, Kai-Qubad I, AH 616-634/AD 1219-1236, AE Fals. Citing Caliph al-Nasir (AH575-622), Album 1213.1.
A. Slightly offcentered, few spots of minor weakness in legends but mostly bold and clear, dark brown patina, Very Fine....SOLD Photo
B. Slightly offcentered, some weakness in legends, dark brown patina, Fine....SOLD Photo

AC152. Seljuqs of Rum, Kaykhusraw(or Kay Khusru) II, AH634-644, AD1237-1245, AR Dirham (2.83g). Lion or leopard rt. below sunface/Inscription cosisting of name and titles, Album 1218; M.983. Centered, legends and design clear, oned, Very Fine....SOLD Photo

Ottoman Empire

AC280.Mehmet II, 2nd reign, AH855-886, AD1451-1481, AR Akche (0.9g). Inscription each side, Edine mint, Album 1308. Offcenter each side, some legend off, light tone, Very Fine....SOLD Photo

Pishkinids of Ahar

AC46. Pishkinids at Ahar (in Azerbaijan), Mahmud bin Pishkin, aH608-623, AD 1212-1226, as vassal of the Ildegizid Uzbek, AE Dirhem. Script each side, Album 1916. I have a small group as follows, with varying degrees of typical offcentering:
A. Script mostly clear, brown and green patina, Very Fine....$25 Photo

B. Script mostly clear, few spots of weakness, brown and green patina, Very Fine....$25 Photo

C. Near centered, somewhat worn but most script clear, brown patina, Fine+....$25 Photo

D. Somewhat worn and with some weak areas, script mostly clear, brown patina, Fine+....$25 Photo

E. Centered on squared flan, worn but most script clear, brown patina, Fine+....$25 Photo

Khwarezmshahs

in Afghanistan - originally a Turkish dynasty of Seljuq governors who founded a kingdom in their own right; one principal ruler who retained coinage types of the local regions he conquered and never established his own distinct types. The dynasty was essentially wiped out by Chenghis Khan and his Mongol hordes.

AC42. `Ala al-Din Muhammad, AH 596-617; AD 1200-1220, Billon Jital. Legend each side, Kurzuwan mint (in N. Afghanistan near Taliqan), Tye 246. Issued between the conquest of Herat by the Khwarezem and the Mongol invasion led by Chenghis Khan. Slightly offcenter each side losing some legend, worn but clear, Fine....$15 Photo

AC44. `Ala al-Din Muhammad, AH 596-617; AD 1200-1220, Lead Jital. Mint in circle/Beaded circle, Davar mint, Tye 262, Album 1728. Issued between the conquest of Herat by the Khwarezem and the Mongol invasion led by Chenghis Khan. Obv. offcenter losing some legend, rev. near centered, bold and mostly clear, Very Fine....SOLD Photo

Mongol Dynasties

Ilkhans - Mongols of Persia

AC120. Ilkhanids of Persia, Gaykhatu, AH690-694/AD1291-1295, AV Dinar (4.26g). Legend each side, Tabriz mint, AH691, Album 2158.1. Near centered, some spots of peripheral weakness in legends, mint in right rev. field, date in rev. margin, Extremely Fine....$650 Photo

AC121. Ilkhanids of Persia, Ghazan Mahmud, AH694-703/AD1295-1304, AV Dinar (4.30g). Legend each side, Tabriz mint, undated pre-reform type, titles Padishah and Shahanshah, Album 2167(R). Offcentered to right one side, some spots of peripheral weakness in legends, RARE, Extremely Fine....$450 Photo

AC123. Ilkhanids of Persia, Uljaytu, AH703-716/AD1304-1316, AR 2 Dirham (4.0g), type C, heptafoil obv., hexafoil rev., Sultaniya mint, AH 714, Album 2188. Near centered, weak spots as usual, partial legends, light tone, Fine-about Very Fine....$25 Photo

AC125. Ilkhans, Rival Khan Period, Sulayman (as puppet of the Chupanid Hasan Kuchik, killed December AD1343), AH739-746, AD 1339-46, AR 2 Dirham (1.4g). Legends in octofoils both sides, Armenia mint, AH 741-743, Album 2252. Off-centered a little one side, most legends clear, SCARCE, Very Fine....$35 Photo

AC116. Ilkhans, Rival Khan Period, Sulayman (as puppet of the Chupanid Hasan Kuchik, killed December AD1343), AH739-746, AD 1339-46, AR 2 Dirham. Legends both sides, Album 2250ff. I have a group of these in 3 grades, most with some offcentering typical of these, script clear for most, each pictured individually below: C. Very Fine+....$15 Photo
E. Very Fine+....$15 Photo
G. Very Fine+....$15 Photo
I. Very Fine+....SOLD Photo
J. Very Fine+....$15 Photo
N. Very Fine....SOLD Photo

Golden Horde

Timurid Sultans

AC175. Shahrukh, AH807-850, AD 1405-1457, Reform AR Tanka, after AH828. Inscriptions each side, uncertain mint, date off flan. A bit offcenter each side, flattening on peripheries, most of legend clear, Fine-Fine+....$20 Photo

AC173. Shahrukh, AH807-850, AD 1405-1457, 5th coinage, AR Tanka, AH 830, Yazd mint. Some legend off, dark grey tone, most lend clear. Fine - about Very Fine....$45 Photo

Turkoman Tribes

AC250. Aq Qoyunlu (White Sheep Turkomans), Abu'l Nasr Hasan, AH857-882/AD1453-1478, AR Quarter Tanka. Inscriptions both sides, no date, no mint, Album 2515(S). Slightly offcentered on slightly small flan, most script clear, light tone, Very Fine....$30 Photo

AC249. Aq Qoyunlu (White Sheep Turkomans), Abu'l Nasr Hasan, AH857-882/AD1453-1478, AR Tanka (5.0g). Inscriptions both sides, no date, no mint, countermarked on a Timurid AR Tanka, Arzinjan mint, Album 2516. Slightly offcenter, most script clear, toned, Very Fine....$30 Photo

AC251. Aq Qoyunlu (White Sheep Turkomans), Abu'l Nasr Hasan, AH857-882/AD1453-1478, AR Tanka. Inscriptions both sides, no date, `Ani', Album 2512. Centered on slightly small flan, most script clear, light tone, Very Fine....SOLD Photo

AC254. Aq Qoyunlu (White Sheep Turkomans), Abu'l-Muzaffar Ya'qub, AD 1478-1490, AR Quarter Tanka. Script each side, no mint, no date, Album A2522. Near centered with bold clear script, Very Fine....$25 Photo

Other Miscellaneous Groups

Samanids

AC213. Samanid Amirs, Nasr II bin Ahmed, AH 301-331/AD 914-943, AR Dirhem (2.8g). Dated AH 317, al-Shash mint, Album 1451. Near centered, grey tone, some weakness in spots but legends clear, decent example, Very Fine....$30 Photo

Ghaznavids

The Ghaznavids were of Turkish extraction and were originally Mamluk (slave) governors for the Samanids in and around Ghazna in present-day Afghanistan. They obtained independence in AH389/AD999, lasting until AH582/AD1186, though with diminished territory confined to the Punjab after AH555/AD1160.

AC216B. Ghaznavids, Ibrahim, AH 451-492; AD 1059-1099, AV Dinar (5.4g). Legends each side, Ghazna mint, AH(4)80, Album 1637; Mitchener WOI 790. Some flattening toward edge and flan a bit ragged, legends mostly clear, debased gold color, much nicer than most, Very Fine....SOLD Photo

AC217. Ghaznavids, Ibrahim, AH 451-492; AD 1059-1099, AV Dinar (2.73g). Legends each side, Album 1637; Mitchener WOI 790. Some flattening toward edge and flan a bit wavy to one side, legends mostly clear, debased gold color, about Very Fine....$150 Photo

AC215. Ghorids (Main line), Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad, AH567-602/AD1171-1206, AE Dirham. Inscriptions, Mu'izz al-Din alone, Ghazna mint, AH599-206, Album 1772. Near centered, light tone, some areas of flatness as usual, Very Fine....$35 Photo

AC220. Kurdish Armenia, Shaddadids, al-Fadl I b. Muhammad, AH 375-422; AD 985-1031, AR Dirham (2.5g). Legend each side, mint of Janza, AH 400, Album 1491. Slightly offcenter each side, weak areas but important parts of legend legible, toned, Very Fine....$45 Photo

AC221A. Afghanistan, Herat, ca AH 1100, AE Fals. Rat left/Rat left. Near centered on irregular oblong flan, brown patina with a few small spots of encrustation, clear types, Fine+....$20 Photo
AC221B. Afghanistan, Herat, ca AH 1100, AE Fals. Rat left/Rat left. Near centered on irregular flan, brown patina with a few small spots of encrustation, some weak spots but clear types, Fine....$20 Photo
AC221C. Afghanistan, Herat, ca AH 1100, AE Fals. Rat left/Rat rt. Near centered on irregular flan, brown patina with a few small spots of encrustation, clear types, Fine+....$20 Photo